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GPT-1

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The machine learning model, GPT-1 or Generative Pre-training Transformer 1, is a creation of OpenAI, specifically engineered for the comprehension and generation of human language tasks. It features a 12-layer, decoder-only transformer structure, equipped with twelve 64-dimensional states masked self-attention heads. The optimization of GPT-1’s performance is achieved using the Adam optimization algorithm^[1], which features a linearly increasing learning rate. With a remarkable 117 million parameters, GPT-1 showcases its intricate design. Despite its advanced structure, minimal adjustments are required when it’s deployed for different tasks. Its proficiency is particularly evident in natural language inference^[2] tasks, question answering, commonsense reasoning, and semantic similarity tasks. One key resource for this model is the BookCorpus dataset, chosen for its lengthy passages that facilitate the management of long-range information.

Terms definitions

1. ↑ algorithm. A set of instructions or rules that are clearly defined and offer a solution to a specific problem or task is known as an algorithm. With roots tracing back to ancient civilizations, algorithms have undergone centuries of evolution and today play a pivotal role in contemporary computing. Techniques such as divide-and-conquer are utilized in their creation and their efficiency is assessed via metrics such as big O notation. Algorithms can be depicted in multiple ways, including pseudocode, flowcharts, or programming languages. To execute them, they are translated into a language comprehensible to computers, with the execution speed being influenced by the utilized instruction set. Depending on their design or implementation paradigm, algorithms can be categorized differently, and their level of efficiency can greatly affect processing time. In fields like computer science and artificial intelligence, the comprehension and effective application of algorithms is vital.

2. ↑ inference. Inference, a mental process, entails forming conclusions from existing evidence and logical reasoning. It's an integral aspect of critical thinking and problem-solving, with wide-ranging applications in areas such as scientific investigation, literary analysis, and artificial intelligence. Various forms of inference exist, such as deductive, inductive, abductive, statistical, and causal, each with its distinctive method and purpose. For example, deductive inference focuses on reaching specific conclusions from broad principles, whereas inductive inference generates broad conclusions from specific instances. Conversely, abductive inference involves making informed assumptions based on accessible evidence, while statistical and causal inferences revolve around interpreting data to make conclusions about a group or to establish cause-and-effect connections. Nonetheless, the precision of inferences can be affected by biases, preconceived notions, and misinterpretations. Despite these potential obstacles, enhancing inference skills is achievable through consistent practice, critical thinking activities, and exposure to a variety of reading materials.

GPT-1 (Wikipedia)

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Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1 (GPT-1) was the first of OpenAI's large language models following Google's invention of the transformer architecture in 2017. In June 2018, OpenAI released a paper entitled "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training", in which they introduced that initial model along with the general concept of a generative pre-trained transformer.

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 1 (GPT-1)
Original author(s)	OpenAI
Initial release	June 2018; 5 years ago (June 2018)
Repository	github.com/openai/finetune-transformer-lm
Successor	GPT-2
Type	Large language model Generative pre-trained transformer
License	MIT
Website	openai.com/blog/language-unsupervised/

Up to that point, the best-performing neural NLP models primarily employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually labeled data. This reliance on supervised learning limited their use of datasets that were not well-annotated, in addition to making it prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to train extremely large models; many languages (such as Swahili or Haitian Creole) are difficult to translate and interpret using such models due to a lack of available text for corpus-building. In contrast, a GPT's "semi-supervised" approach involved two stages: an unsupervised generative "pre-training" stage in which a language modeling objective was used to set initial parameters, and a supervised discriminative "fine-tuning" stage in which these parameters were adapted to a target task.

The use of a transformer architecture, as opposed to previous techniques involving attention-augmented RNNs, provided GPT models with a more structured memory than could be achieved through recurrent mechanisms; this resulted in "robust transfer performance across diverse tasks".

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