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Un grupo de presión, también conocido como grupo de defensa, grupo de presión o grupo de campaña, es una asamblea organizada de individuos cuyo objetivo es influir en las políticas públicas y las perspectivas de la sociedad. Estos grupos actúan en diversos sectores, como la política, la economía y la sociedad, y su impacto abarca desde el ámbito local al internacional. A lo largo de la historia, los grupos de presión han contribuido sustancialmente a movimientos como el abolicionismo, los derechos de la mujer y los derechos de los homosexuales. Ejercen su influencia a través de diversos canales, como los grupos de presión, los fondos de defensa legal y la promoción en los medios de comunicación. Su dinámica operativa implica abordar la cuestión del free rider y emplear incentivos de solidaridad y expresividad. Los grupos de presión también pueden ser polémicos y presentar puntos de vista opuestos sobre cuestiones como el derecho al aborto, los ensayos con animales y la legislación sobre el tabaco. Son potentes vehículos de transformación social, y a menudo moldean la política y la opinión pública.
Grupos de defensatambién conocido como grupos de presión, grupos de interés, grupos de interés especial, grupos de presióno asociaciones públicas, utilizan diversas formas de defensa o grupos de presión influir opinión pública y último política pública. Desempeñan un papel importante en el desarrollo de los sistemas políticos y sociales.
Los motivos para actuar pueden basarse en política, económico, religioso, moral, comercial o bien común-puestos de trabajo. Grupos utilizar métodos variados para intentar alcanzar sus objetivos, entre ellos grupos de presiónCampañas en los medios de comunicación, sensibilización trucos publicitarios, encuestas, investigacióny sesiones informativas. Algunos grupos cuentan con el apoyo o el respaldo de poderosos intereses empresariales o políticos y ejercen una influencia considerable en la opinión pública. proceso políticomientras que otros tienen pocos o ningún recurso de este tipo.
Algunas se han convertido en importantes instituciones sociales y políticas o movimientos sociales. Algunos poderosos grupos de defensa han sido acusados de manipular el sistema democrático para obtener estrechos beneficios comerciales, y en algunos casos han sido declarados culpables de corrupción, fraude, soborno, tráfico de influencias y otras graves crímenes. Algunos grupos, generalmente los que tienen menos recursos financieros, pueden utilizar acción directa y desobediencia civily, en algunos casos, se les acusa de ser una amenaza para el orden social o 'extremistas nacionales'. La investigación está empezando a explorar cómo los grupos de defensa utilizan redes sociales facilitar el compromiso cívico y la acción colectiva.