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La inferencia es un proceso mental que consiste en extraer conclusiones a partir de las pruebas existentes y del razonamiento lógico. Es un aspecto integral del pensamiento crítico y de la resolución de problemas, con amplias aplicaciones en áreas como la investigación científica, el análisis literario y el análisis de datos. inteligencia artificial[1]. Existen varias formas de inferencia, como la deductiva, la inductiva, la abductiva, la estadística y la causal, cada una con su método y propósito distintivos. Por ejemplo, la inferencia deductiva se centra en llegar a conclusiones específicas a partir de principios generales, mientras que la inferencia inductiva genera conclusiones generales a partir de casos específicos. A la inversa, la inferencia abductiva implica hacer suposiciones fundamentadas basadas en pruebas accesibles, mientras que las inferencias estadísticas y causales giran en torno a la interpretación de los datos para sacar conclusiones sobre un grupo o establecer conexiones causa-efecto. No obstante, la precisión de las inferencias puede verse afectada por sesgos, nociones preconcebidas y malas interpretaciones. A pesar de estos posibles obstáculos, es posible mejorar las capacidades de inferencia mediante la práctica constante, las actividades de pensamiento crítico y la exposición a diversos materiales de lectura.
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Inferences are steps in razonamiento, moving from premises a logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction y induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction.
Various fields study how inference is done in practice. Human inference (i.e. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the fields of logic, argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology; inteligencia artificial researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case. Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative (categorical) data which may be subject to random variations.