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Un ensemble d'instructions ou de règles clairement définies et offrant une solution à un problème ou à une tâche spécifique est connu sous le nom d'algorithme. Les algorithmes, dont les racines remontent aux civilisations anciennes, ont connu des siècles d'évolution et jouent aujourd'hui un rôle essentiel dans l'informatique contemporaine. Des techniques telles que la division et la conquête sont utilisées dans leur création et leur efficacité est évaluée par des mesures telles que la notation big O. Les algorithmes peuvent être représentés de différentes manières, notamment sous forme de pseudocode, d'organigramme ou de langage de programmation. Pour les exécuter, ils sont traduits dans un langage compréhensible par les ordinateurs, la vitesse d'exécution étant influencée par le jeu d'instructions utilisé. En fonction de leur conception ou de leur paradigme de mise en œuvre, les algorithmes peuvent être classés différemment, et leur niveau d'efficacité peut grandement influer sur le temps de traitement. Dans des domaines tels que l'informatique et l'intelligence artificielle, la compréhension et l'application efficace des algorithmes sont vitales. intelligence artificielle[1], the comprehension and effective application of algorithms is vital.
En mathematics et l'informatique, un algorithme (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ⓘ) est un finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations et data processing. More advanced algorithms can use conditionals to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as automated decision-making) and deduce valid inferences (referred to as automated reasoning), achieving l'automatisation eventually. Using human characteristics as descriptors of machines in metaphorical ways was already practiced by Alan Turing with terms such as "memory", "search" and "stimulus".
In contrast, a heuristic is an approach to problem solving that may not be fully specified or may not guarantee correct or optimal results, especially in problem domains where there is no well-defined correct or optimal result. For example, social media recommender systems rely on heuristics in such a way that, although widely characterized as "algorithms" in 21st century popular media, cannot deliver correct results due to the nature of the problem.
As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function. Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output" and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.