La grammaire, élément fondamental du langage, a une histoire longue et variée. Elle a été systématisée pour la première fois dans l'Inde de l'âge du fer, tirant son nom de l'expression grecque signifiant "art des lettres". Son évolution s'est poursuivie en latin au 1er siècle avant J.-C., en s'inspirant des modèles grecs. L'évolution de la grammaire est façonnée par son utilisation, qui conduit souvent à l'établissement de règles formelles lorsqu'elle est documentée par écrit. Cela peut toutefois créer des divergences entre l'usage moderne et les normes reconnues. La linguistique théorique vise à définir scientifiquement les règles de grammaire, en proposant plusieurs méthodes et cadres. La grammaire sert non seulement à décrire les modèles linguistiques des groupes, mais aussi à constituer un élément crucial de l'apprentissage des langues et de l'éducation. Les locuteurs natifs l'acquièrent instinctivement, tandis que les locuteurs non natifs l'apprennent de manière plus explicite. L'enseignement de la grammaire dans les écoles privilégie généralement les règles prescriptives. Les normes linguistiques, souvent spécifiques à une région, sont encouragées dans l'éducation, de nombreuses langues ayant plus d'une norme officielle. Une variété de théories linguistiques et d'ouvrages importants aident à la compréhension et à l'étude de la grammaire, en approfondissant les termes traditionnels et les effets sociétaux de la grammaire.
En linguistique, le grammaire d'un langage naturel is its set of structural rules on speakers' or writers' usage and creation of clauses, phraseset words. The term can also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includes phonology, morphologyet syntax, together with phonetics, sémantiqueet pragmatics. There are, broadly speaking, two different ways to study grammar: traditional grammar et theoretical grammar.
Fluent speakers of a language variety ou lect have internalised these rules. the vast majority of which – at least in the case of one's native language(s) – are acquired not by intentional study or instruction but by hearing other speakers. Much of this internalisation occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more direct instruction.
The term "grammar" can also describe the linguistic behaviour of groups of speakers and writers rather than individuals. Differences in scale are important to this meaning: for example, the term "English grammar" could refer to the whole of English grammar (that is, to the grammar of all the language's speakers) in which case it covers lots of variation. At a smaller scale, it may refer only to what is shared among the grammars of all or most English speakers (such as subject–verb–object word order in simple sentences). At the smallest scale, this sense of "grammar" can describe the conventions of just one form of English that is better defined than others (such as standard English for a region).
A description, study, or analysis of such rules may also be known as a grammar, or as a grammar book. A reference book describing the grammar of a language is called a "reference grammar" or simply "a grammar" (see History of English grammars). A fully revealed grammar, which describes the grammatical constructions of a particular speech type in great detail is called descriptive grammar. This kind of linguistic description contrasts with linguistic prescription, a plan to actively ban, or lessen the use of, some constructions while popularising and starting others, either absolutely or about a standard variety. For example, some pedants insist that sentences in English should not end with prepositions, a ban that has been traced to John Dryden (1631–1700). His unjustified rejection of the practice may have led other English speakers to avoid it and discourage its use. Yet ending sentences with a preposition has a long history in Germanic languages like English, where it is so widespread as to be the norm.[citation nécessaire]
Outside linguistics, the word grammaire often has a different meaning. It may be used more widely to include rules of spelling and punctuation, which linguists would not typically consider as part of grammar but rather of orthography, le conventions used for writing a language. It may also be used more narrowly to refer to a set of prescriptive norms only, excluding the aspects of a language's grammar which do not change or are clearly acceptable (or not) without the need for discussions. Jeremy Butterfield claimed that, for non-linguists, "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that people object to".
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