La discipline de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) est un sous-ensemble de l'informatique consacré au développement de systèmes capables d'exécuter des tâches qui requièrent habituellement l'intelligence humaine, telles que le raisonnement, l'apprentissage, la planification, la perception et la compréhension du langage. S'appuyant sur divers domaines tels que la psychologie, la linguistique, la philosophie et les neurosciences, l'IA joue un rôle déterminant dans la création de modèles d'apprentissage automatique et de systèmes de traitement du langage naturel. Elle contribue également de manière significative au développement d'assistants virtuels et de systèmes informatiques affectifs. L'IA trouve des applications dans de nombreux secteurs tels que les soins de santé, l'industrie, le gouvernement et l'éducation. Cependant, elle soulève également des questions éthiques et sociétales, ce qui nécessite des politiques de régulation. Avec l'avènement de techniques sophistiquées telles que l'apprentissage profond et l'IA générative, le domaine continue de se développer, ouvrant de nouvelles voies dans divers secteurs.
Intelligence artificielle (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly les systèmes informatiques. It is a field of research en l'informatique that develops and studies methods and software which enable machines to perceive their environment and uses l'apprentissage and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs.
AI technology is widely used throughout industry, government, and science. Some high-profile applications include advanced web search engines (e.g., Recherche sur Google); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazonet Netflix); interacting via human speech (e.g., Assistant Google, Siriet Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative et creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT et AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess et Go). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore."
Alan Turing was the first person to conduct substantial research in the field that he called machine intelligence. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple cycles of optimism, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winter. Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques, and after 2017 with the transformer architecture. This led to the AI boom of the early 2020s, with companies, universities, and laboratories overwhelmingly based in the United States pioneering significant advances in artificial intelligence.
The growing use of artificial intelligence in the 21st century is influencing a societal and economic shift towards increased automation, data-driven decision-makinget le integration of AI systems into various economic sectors and areas of life, impacting job markets, healthcare, government, industry, and education. This raises questions about the long-term effects, ethical implicationset risks of AI, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety and benefits of the technology.
The various sub-fields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, l'apprentissage, traitement du langage naturel, perception, and support for robotics. General intelligence—the ability to complete any task performable by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.
To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including recherche et mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistiques, operations researchet économie. AI also draws upon psychologie, linguistics, philosophie, neuroscience, and other fields.
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