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Messagerie instantanée

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Instant Messaging (IM) represents a mode of digital communication that facilitates the instantaneous exchange of textual messages across Internet^[2] or computer networks. Unlike its courriel^[3] counterpart, IM encourages prompt, engaging dialogues, often enriched with emojis, file sharing capabilities, voice-over IP, and video conferencing. IM systems can operate autonomously or as a component of a broader social media framework. They have undergone substantial evolution since the inception of early platforms like Talkomatic and CompuServe CB Simulator, maturing into graphical user interfaces with an array of functionalities. Contemporary popular services such as Signal, Telegram, WhatsApp, and Snapchat provide private and group messaging, advanced security protocols like end-to-end encryption^[1], and social network integration. They serve a crucial function in personal and business communication arenas, enabling efficient real-time dialogue with conversation archives for subsequent reference.

Définitions des termes

1. ↑ Cryptage de bout en bout ( end-to-end encryption ) End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a crucial security feature in today's digital era. It's a secure communication method that safeguards data from third-party access as it moves from one system to another. Essentially, E2EE operates by transforming the sender's message into a coded format, which can only be deciphered by the designated recipient. This ensures the data stays private while traversing networks. However, E2EE does encounter hurdles such as susceptibility to man-in-the-middle attacks, endpoint authentication demands, and regulatory compliance issues. Additionally, backdoors, capable of circumventing encryption, present substantial security risks. Despite these challenges, E2EE is extensively used in diverse communication platforms and file-sharing services to bolster data security. Regardless of these obstacles, the importance of E2EE in preserving privacy in our increasingly digital world cannot be overstated.

2. ↑ Internet. L'internet, réseau mondial de systèmes informatiques interconnectés, utilise des protocoles de communication normalisés, principalement TCP/IP, pour connecter des appareils à travers le monde. Le terme "Internet" trouve son origine dans le terme "internetted" de 1849 et a été adopté par le ministère américain de la guerre en 1945. L'origine de l'internet remonte aux années 1960, lorsque des informaticiens ont mis au point des systèmes de partage du temps, qui ont finalement abouti à la création d'ARPANET en 1969. L'internet fonctionne de manière autonome, sans aucun contrôle central, et l'Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) gère ses espaces de noms primaires. Il a révolutionné les méthodes de communication traditionnelles et a connu une croissance exponentielle, le nombre d'internautes augmentant de 20% à 50% chaque année. En 2019, plus de la moitié de la population mondiale utilisait l'internet. La suite de protocoles internet, qui comprend le protocole TCP/IP et quatre couches conceptuelles, dirige les paquets internet vers leur destination. Des services fondamentaux tels que le courrier électronique et la téléphonie par internet fonctionnent sur l'internet. Le World Wide Web, un vaste réseau de documents interconnectés, est un élément essentiel de l'internet.

Messagerie instantanée (Wikipedia)

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Messagerie instantanée (IM) technology is a type of online chat allowing immediate transmission of messages over the Internet or another réseau informatique. Messages are typically transmitted between two or more parties, when each user inputs text and triggers a transmission to the recipient(s), who are all connected on a common network. It differs from courriel in that conversations over instant messaging happen in real-time (hence "instant"). Most modern IM applications (sometimes called "social messengers", "messaging apps", "chat apps" or "chat clients") use push technology and also add other features such as emojis (or graphical smileys), file transfer, chatbots, voice over IPou video chat capabilities.

A classic example of instant messaging on a desktop computer: the left window of this software showing a list of contacts ("buddy list") and the right window an active IM conversation

Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list"), and can be standalone applications or integrated into e.g. a wider médias sociaux platform, or a website where it can for instance be used for conversational commerce. IM can also consist of conversations in "chat rooms". Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be d'égal à égal (direct point-to-point transmission) or client–server (an IM service center retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device). It is usually distinguished from text messaging which is typically simpler and normally uses cellular phone networks.

Instant messaging applications can store messages with either local-based device storage (e.g. WhatsApp, Viber, Line, WeChat, Signal etc.) or cloud-based server storage (e.g. Telegram, Skype, Facebook Messenger, Google Rencontrer/Chat, Discord, Slack etc.).

Instant messaging was pioneered in the early Internet era; the IRC protocol was the earliest to achieve wide adoption. Later in the 1990s, ICQ was among the first closed and commercialized instant messengers, and several rival services appeared afterwards as it became a popular use of the Internet. Beginning with its first introduction in 2005, BlackBerry Messenger, which initially had been available only on BlackBerry smartphones, soon became one of the most popular mobile instant messaging apps worldwide. BBM was for instance the most used mobile messaging app in the United Kingdom and Indonesia. Instant messaging remains very popular today; IM apps are the most widely used smartphone apps: in 2018 there were over 50 million Signal users, 980 million utilisateurs actifs mensuels de WeChat and 1.3 billion monthly users of WhatsApp Messenger.